Later, after an Italian court addressed ‘hardship’ in CISG context (in 1993), 977 and the hardship concept gained prominence in the UNIDROIT Principles (1994), 978 I wrote more about this, 979 and in the wake of a highly controversial Belgian decision in 2009, 980 I wrote still more. 981

To sum up my own position (there are at least three others): 982 liability exemption for force majeure and contract adjustment for hardship are two very different things. 983 By a similar token, § 36 of the Contracts Act – a domestic rule of validity ‘protected’ by CISG Article 4(a) – should, in appropriate circumstances, be allowed to compete with Article 79, 984 thus opening the possibility of an equitable price adjustment. 985